#GREEK TO ENGLISH ALPHABET CONVERSION ISO#
So the transcriptions of Modern Greek into Latin letters used by ELOT, UN and ISO are essentially equivalent, while there remain minor differences in how they approach reversible transliteration. The ISO approved in 1997 its version, ISO 843, with a different Type 1 transliteration system, which was adopted four years later by ELOT itself, while the U.N. International versions of ELOT 743, with an English language standard document, were approved by the UN (V/19, 1987) and the British and American governments. It also comprised a Type 1 ( Greek: Τύπος 1, romanized: Typos 1) transliteration table, which was extensively modified in the second edition of the standard. ^ a b In the diphthongs αυ, ευ, ηυ, ου, υι, ωυ.ĮLOT approved in 1982 the ELOT 743 standard, revised in 2001, whose Type 2 ( Greek: Τύπος 2, romanized: Typos 2) transcription scheme has been adopted by the Greek and Cypriot governments as standard for Romanization of names on Greek and Cypriot passports.^ a b In ancient Greek, word-initial rho-a rho at the beginning of a word or name-and the second in a pair of medial rhos were always considered to involve rough breathing whether marked or not.įor treatment of polytonic Greek letters-for example, ᾤ-see also the section on romanizing Greek diacritical marks below. The American Library Association and Library of Congress romanization scheme employs its "Ancient or Medieval Greek" system for all works and authors up to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, although Byzantine Greek was pronounced distinctly and some have considered "Modern" Greek to have begun as early as the 12th century. Note, however, that the ELOT, UN, and ISO formats for Modern Greek intend themselves as translingual and may be applied in any language using the Latin alphabet. The following tables list several romanization schemes from the Greek alphabet to modern English. The Hellenic Organization for Standardization (ELOT), in cooperation with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), released a system in 1983 which has since been formally adopted by the United Nations, the United Kingdoms and United States. Examples include "8elo" and "thelw" for θέλω, "3ava" for ξανά, and "yuxi" for ψυχή.ĭue to the difficulties encountered in transliterating and transcribing both ancient and modern Greek into the Latin alphabet, a number of regulatory bodies have been established. Since Greek typefaces and fonts are not always supported or robust, Greek email and chatting has adopted a variety of formats for rendering Greek and Greek shorthand using Latin letters. " Greeklish" has also spread within Greece itself, owing to the rapid spread of digital telephony from cultures using the Latin alphabet. Because English orthography has changed so much from the original Greek, modern scholarly transliteration now usually renders ⟨κ⟩ as ⟨k⟩ and the diphthongs ⟨αι, οι, ει, ου⟩ as ⟨ai, oi, ei, ou⟩. Aspirated consonants like ⟨θ⟩, ⟨φ⟩, initial-⟨ρ⟩, and ⟨χ⟩ simply wrote out the sound: ⟨th⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨rh⟩, and ⟨ch⟩.
When this script was used to write the classical Greek alphabet, ⟨κ⟩ was replaced with ⟨c⟩, ⟨αι⟩ and ⟨οι⟩ became ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ and ⟨ου⟩ were simplified to ⟨i⟩ (more rarely-corresponding to an earlier pronunciation-⟨e⟩) and ⟨u⟩. The Roman alphabet itself was a form of the Cumaean alphabet derived from the Euboean script that valued Χ as / k s/ and Η as / h/ and used variant forms of Λ and Σ that became L and S. Traditional English renderings of Greek names originated from Roman systems established in antiquity. The word Άγιος might variously appear as Hagiοs, Agios, Aghios, or Ayios, or simply be translated as " Holy" or " Saint" in English forms of Greek placenames. The Greek name Ἰωάννης became Johannes in Latin and then John in English, but in modern Greek has become Γιάννης this might be written as Yannis, Jani, Ioannis, Yiannis, or Giannis, but not Giannes or Giannēs as it would be for ancient Greek. The sound of the English letter B ( /b/) was written as β in ancient Greek but is now written as the digraph μπ, while the modern β sounds like the English letter V ( /v/) instead.
The conventions for writing and romanizing Ancient Greek and Modern Greek differ markedly.
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